Themistocles: The Life and Legacy of Ancient Greece's Greatest General

The ancient Greeks have long been considered the forefathers of modern Western Civilization, but the Golden Age of Athens and the spread of Greek influence across much of the known world only occurred due to some of the most crucial battles of antiquity: the Battle of Marathon and the Battle of Salamis. Those battles turned the tide in the Greeks’ favor against the Persians in the Persian Wars and ultimately played a role in Athens’ rise to a preeminent role in the Hellenic world.  No general played a bigger role in the Persian Wars than Themistocles, the Athenian hero who commanded soldiers at both Marathon and Salamis. Both his contemporaries and historians have remembered him as an ambitious, brilliant, and deeply controversial architect of Athens' rise to greatness as the city-state transitioned into the most formidable naval power of the eastern Mediterranean. His career unfolded during an age of extraordinary upheaval, when the expanding Achaemenid Empire threatened the independence of the Greek world, but as crucial a role as he played in those decisive conflicts, he was a major political influence as well. From an early stage in his career, Themistocles recognized the longevity of Athens and its future prosperity would not be secured solely by the hoplite soldiers, but instead by the city's ability to command the sea. The policies he often argued for in the Assembly ultimately laid the foundations for the vast Athenian fleet that later allowed his city-state to dominate the eastern Mediterranean during its Golden Age. But despite being regarded as one of antiquity's greatest figures and a savior in his own right, Themistocles remained an intensely divisive figure even during the era in which he lived. To many Athenians, he was a visionary whose intelligence, leadership and patriotic nature saved not only Athens, but potentially the Greek world from Persian conquest.